During the early 1970s, Boeing Engineering and Construction Co. took a world leadership role in the design and development of large wind energy systems.
The federal wind energy system was initiated in 1973 by the National Science Foundation and absorbed in 1977 into the Department of Energy (DOE). Its goal was to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of wind power.
The same year Boeing won the NASA and DOE contract for design, fabrication, construction, installation and testing of 2500-kilowatt wind turbine systems. The first four of these, designated MOD-2, went into action during the early 1980s. Three were started up during a dedication ceremony April 17, 1980, at Goodnoe Hills, about 13 miles east of Goldendale, Wash. Sept. 2, 1982, a fourth began operating at Medicine Bow, Wyo.
The Bonneville Power Administration bought output of the Goodnoe Hills machines and integrated it into the regional power grid through lines owned by Klickitat County Public Utility District. By May 1981, the three machines working together at the Goodnoe Hills site became the first "wind farm" in the world.
In April 1982 Boeing completed its first wind turbine for a commercial customer, Pacific Gas & Electric Co. of San Francisco, and erected it in Solano County, northern California.
The Goodnoe Hills site was primarily a research project for Boeing, Bonneville Power Administration, NASA and Battelle Northwest Laboratories. The Solar Energy Research Institute also evaluated the suitability of megawatt-size wind turbines as a source of electricity.
The MOD-2 wind turbines of Goodnoe Hills were running through 1986 and then dismantled. In 1985, the last full year of operation, the combined electrical output of the three turbines was 8,251 megawatt-hours -- enough to power about 1,000 average Northwest homes for a year. Project manager Peter Goldman called the five-year, $55 million research project "an absolute success." The Medicine Bow MOD-2 wind turbine was sold for scrap metal in 1987 and dynamited over.
The next-generation Boeing-built wind turbine, the MOD-5B, was barged to Kahuku on the island of Oahu in Hawaii in 1986 and was running by July 1987. It weighed 939,000 pounds and had a 320-foot diameter two-blade rotor on a 200-foot steel tower. It was entirely automatic, with software changes made using the public telephone system. It operated in winds from 9 to 60 miles per hour and could reach rated power at 7.2 megawatts at wind speeds of 30.6 miles per hour. At a rotational speed of 17.2 rpm, the blade tip velocity was 206 miles per hour. By Nov. 20, 1987, it completed its first 1,000 hours of operation and had produced enough electrical energy for 1,500 homes.
Early in 1988, operation of the turbine was transferred to Hawaiian Electric Inc., then to the Makani Uwila Power Corp. (MUPC) and kept in service intermittently until late in 1996. At that time, due to financial difficulties, the wind turbine was shut down, along with the rest of MUPC, and passed to the property owner, Campbell Estates. With no prospects for continued operation, Campbell Estates decided to disassemble and scrap the MOD-5B. Prior to this decommissioning, the DOE salvaged the drive train gearbox and generator in July 1998.
Although Boeing got out of the wind turbine business during the late 1980s and returned to its more traditional products of aircraft and spacecraft, the Boeing-built wind turbines set several world records for diameter and power output. In 1987, the MOD-5B was the largest single wind turbine operating in the world. It featured the first large-scale variable speed drive train and a sectioned, two-blade rotor that enabled easy transport of the blades.
The Boeing wind turbine research and development program pioneered many of the multi-megawatt turbine technologies in use today, including: steel tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials and partial-span pitch control, as well as aerodynamic, structural and acoustic engineering design capabilities.
Wind power in the United States is a growing industry. According to the DOE's 2007 Annual Report, the United States was the fastest growing wind power market in the world for the third year in a row, and the amount of power generated by wind grew by 45 percent between 2006 and 2007.
There is considerable competition for wind farms across the country. In 2008, proposed projects included the first U.S. offshore wind farm of about 60 turbines to be built 11 miles off the coast of Delaware.
| First use: | 1980 |
|---|---|
| Rotor: | Two-blade steel |
| Blade length: | 300 feet, tip to tip |
| Rotating nacelle: | 37-foot boxcar, containing drive train, generator and other equipment |
| Power potential: | 10 million kilowatt-hours of electricity/year |